2010/12/09

Historical capitals of China

Historical capitals of China

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This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
The Chinese phrase Four Great Ancient Capitals of China
(simplified Chinese: 中国四大古都;
traditional Chinese: 中國四大古都;
pinyin: Zhōngguó Sì Dà Gǔdū) traditionally refers to Beijing, Nanjing, Luoyang, and Chang'an (Xi'an).

Due to additional evidence discovered since the 1930s, other historical capitals have been included in the list. The later phrase Seven Ancient Capitals of China includes Kaifeng (added in the 1920s as the fifth ancient capital), Hangzhou (the sixth, added in the 1930s), and Anyang (a proposal by numerous archaeologists in 1988, after which it finally became the seventh ancient capital). In 2004, the China Ancient Capital Society officially added Zhengzhou as an eighth due to archaeological finds from the early Shang Dynasty there.


中國歷代都城選址的條件是:有充足的水源,以滿足生產和生活的用水需要;地區經濟繁榮,交通便利,故多位于平原、盆地;具有可防可攻的地理優勢,如南京有 “龍盤虎踞”之勢,北京有“背山帶海”的形勝等。

我國古代都城建設都有周密的整體規劃和施工法度,其主要內容可歸納為:“正朝夕”,“水地以縣”,天子之 國應“方九裏”,“旁三門”,“有溝樹之固”,“前朝後市”,“左祖右社”,“九經九緯”,“經塗九軌”,“市朝一夫”,“王宮門阿五雉”等。這一系列要求正是在我國歷史上長期發揮了重要作用的“禮制”的體現。

根據這些要求所營建的都城,一般具有方正嚴謹,左右對稱,棋盤式佈局等特點。帝王深居宮中,遠離市,幽靜、安全,又足以體現帝王之尊嚴與天下歸一的願望。商業集中,便於貿易;百姓居小巷之內,既安靜,又便於治安管理。

如北京古城,中心有一條莊嚴、筆直的中軸線,中軸線兩側是堂堂正正的對稱街區,城中部有層層疊疊的紫禁城宮殿群。整個北京猶如一個完整的協調的藝術品,結構嚴整,層次分明,佈局井然,設計勻稱,棋盤狀街區格外古樸、完整、協調,還有大量方便舒適的傳統住宅四合院與靜謐、優美和凝聚著古老歷史的胡同。

北京的這一古都風貌,被丹麥城市規劃學 家S·E·R·休森稱為“世界奇觀之一,是一個卓越的紀念物,一個偉大文明的頂峰。”美國城市專家E·貝康稱它為“地球表面上人類最偉大的個體工程。”西安的漢、唐都城,也具有上述北京古都特點,只是在宮廷、街區佈局、古城設施等方面因經過幾次遷址,遺址破壞較嚴重。但城區及其附近地下仍保存了非常豐富的文物古跡。

......................................................................................................................................................此次「座標之旅」計畫拜訪「七朝古都」,少了北京,實為遺憾,不過他剛辦完京奧,國際知名度夠多了,是應該介紹些其他的中華名城。

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